much, many, a little, a few

much or many

much: uncountable nouns (milk, marmalade, money, time etc.)
many: countable nouns (bottles of milk, jars of marmalade, dollars, minutes etc.)
Examples:
How much money have you got?
How many dollars have you got?
In informal English these questions are often answered with a lot of/lots of. There is no much difference between the two phrases.

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a little or a few

a little: non countable nouns (milk, marmalade, money, time etc.)
a few: countable nouns (bottles of milk, jars of marmalade, dollars, minutes etc.)
Examples:
He has a little money left.
He has a few dollars left.

some, any

some: affirmative statements, offers, requests and in questions when you expect the answer "yes"
any: negative statements, questions
Have you got any bananas? No, we haven't got any. But we've got some oranges.

something, anything and other compounds with some/any

Compounds with some and any

The compounds with some and any are used like the single words some/any.

Compounds	Examples
something anything	There is something wrong with our car.
someone anyone*	There is someone at the door.
somebody anybody*	I would like to be somebody.
someday	Someday he'll be rich.
sometime anytime	We saw her sometime last month.
sometimes	I sometimes take the bus to school.
someplace anyplace somewhere anywhere	Can't you sing somewhere else?
somehow anyhow someway anyway	She looked ill, somehow.
anymore	I can't help you anymore.

* There is no much difference between someone/anyone and somebody/anybody.
Examples:
There's someone at the door.
I'd like to be somebody.